Synthesis of Acetaminophen Essay - 1231 Words

Synthesis of Acetaminophen Lab Report Bijal Patel, 20467049 Partner: Poojan Parikh T.A.’s: Long Pu CHEM 123L, Section: 006, Rm: ESC 149 Tuesday February 4, 2013, 2:30pm-5:20pm Experiment Done: Tuesday January 22, 2013 Introduction Acetaminophen was first introduced in 1955 (Richman, 2004). It is an over-the-counter drug that relieves pain and reduced fevers. Acetaminophen is considered an alternate to aspirin since it does not irritate the stomach (Richman, 2004). It also has very low toxicity is it is used properly. Acetaminophen is cheap and easily obtainable from any pharmacy. Acetaminophen is created when the amine group of p-aminophenol is acetylated by acetic anhydride. This creates an amide functional group and the†¦show more content†¦There were very few, if any, errors made during this lab. Questions 1. a) If 20 mL of water were added for every 1g of crude product then crystallization would occur in less quantity or not occur at all. As the solution is dissolved, heated, and later cooled, the impurities of the solution remain in the solution. As more solvent is added, more of the product will remain in the solution rather than crystallizing; hence, a much lower yield would be obtained. b) If 5mL of water were added for every 1g of crude product then one of two things would happen; the solid would not dissolve or the impurities would still be present within the product. The solvent is used to dissolve all the impurities of the crude product and if less solvent is available, the impurities would remain within the product. c) If room temperature solvent was used rather than cold solvent then more of the product will remain in the solution. As temperature increases, solubility also increases in most cases, which would keep some of the product dissolved resulting in a lower yield. 2. a) An organic compound is any compound that contains carbon, generally, are large chains of carbon that are covalently bonded. They can be gaseous, liquid or a solid (Seager; Slabaug, 2004). b) An amine is an organic compound/functional group that is derived by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms in ammoniaShow MoreRelatedThe Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized Acetaminophen Synthesized from P-Aminophenol and Acetic Anhydride1092 Words   |  5 Pagesvial attached to an air condenser to synthesize crude acetaminophen, resulting in 0.097 grams (47.48% yield). The crude acetaminophen was then recrystallized in a solvent of water and methanol over heat resulting in 0.082 grams (39.61% yield) of pure acetaminophen. Melting points of both crude and pure acetaminophen were taken, and found to be 165.9 - 170.9 °C and 168.2 - 171.5 °C, respectively. The literature melting point of acetaminophen is 169.5 – 171.0 °C, indicating that our final product wasRead MorePharmacologic Management Of SCD Pain Case Study753 Words   |  4 Pagespharmacotherapy of SCD pain. Non-opioid analgesics include acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug s (NSAIDs) and COX-2 inhibitors. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects but it does not reduce inflammation (Botting, 2000). The daily total dose should not exceed 4g, since it has been associated with hepatotoxicity (Hu et al., 2017, Kelava and Cavar, 2014). Although the therapeutic doses of acetaminophen are not associated with hepatotoxicity, in patients with liverRead MoreLack Of Crystals Forming During The Ice Bath Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesproduct for the filter to the watch glass. A small error was also made by not weighing the watch glass before the Acetaminophen had been transferred to it for drying. This meant that one friend the Acetaminophen had to then be transferred again into a weighed watch glass, this is another example of where product could have been lost thus affecting the yield percentage. The yielded Acetaminophen had a melting point of 174 oC this was slightly outside the melting point range of 169 oC - 171 oC thereforeRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1184 Words   |  5 Pagesphases and data on how the drug is manufactured (Frank Hargreaves, 2003; Lipsky Sharp, 2001; Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in chemical nomenclature (APAP), is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic (Patten et al., 1993). It is thought to function as an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, which may be a mediator in central nervous system pain and fever by raising the pain threshold, impacting temperature regulation, therebyRead MoreA Short Note On Opioid And Opioid Analgesics1182 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly used pharmacological medications (Nadine Matthie, 2015). Generic name: acetaminophen, trade name: Tylenol. Acetaminophen is an antipyretic, and nonopioid analgesic used as pain reliever. It suppresses the synthesis of prostaglandins which controls the pain and fever receptors primarily in CNS (Vallerand Deglin, 2017). Common side effects are, increase agitation in children, hypertension, hypotension. Acetaminophen is known as â€Å"safest over-the-counter drug† though, it requires close monitorRead MoreThe Drug Developme nt And Approval Process1169 Words   |  5 Pagesphases and data on how the drug is manufactured (Frank Hargreaves, 2003; Lipsky Sharp, 2001; Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in chemical nomenclature (APAP), is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic (Patten et al., 1993). It is thought to function as an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, which may be a mediator in central nervous system pain and fever by raising the pain threshold, impacting temperature regulation, therebyRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1179 Words   |  5 Pagesphases and data on how the drug is manufactured (Frank Hargreaves, 2003; Lipsky Sharp, 2001; Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in chemical nomenclature (APAP), is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic (Patten et al., 1993). It is thought to function as an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, which may be a mediator in central nervous system pain and fever by raising the pain threshold, impacting temperature regulation, therebyRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1210 Words   |  5 Pagesphases and data on how the drug is manufactured (Frank Hargreaves, 2003; Lipsky Sharp, 2001; Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in chemical nomenclature (APAP), is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic (Patten et al., 1993). It is thought to function as an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, which may be a mediator in central nervous system pain and fever by raising the pain threshold, impacting temperature regulation, therebyRead MoreSynthesis Of P Hydroxy Acetanilide1067 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of P-Hydroxy Acetanilide (Paracetamol) Kirstie Leckie B00266969 Abstract In this experiment the aim was to obtain a pure sample of paracetamol by reduction of p-aminophenol with acetic anhydride. The process carried out to obtain the paracetamol included mixing p-aminophenol, the starting product, with acetic anhydride suspended in distilled water until a precipitate formed (the product). The product was filtered, dried and recrystallized to purify. Infra red spectra for the startingRead MoreEssay about The Liver and Its Functions676 Words   |  3 Pagesprimary functions of the liver are: Bile productions and excretion. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. And blood detoxification and purification. The liver is the bodys energy factory. Most of the sugar you eat is turned into chemicals that can be used by the body cells. These chemicals

Obesity The Weight Of Obesity - 2102 Words

Running head: THE WEIGHT OF OBESITY The Weight of Obesity Anna Katherine Grimes Name of class here San Antonio Community College Abstract As a nation, America is experiencing a plague – obesity – which impacts children and adults, both genders, and all races. This paper examines obesity trends and contributing factors beyond the common-sense notion of bad diet and little or no exercise, and looks at mitigating factors such as lifestyle, socioeconomic status and the environment. Also examined are the costs and consequences to include the impact on individuals, families, the workforce, and our healthcare system The Weight of Obesity The impact of obesity has long been related to morbidity and mortality. Hippoccrates confirmed this: â€Å"Sudden death is more common in those who are naturally fat than in the lean.† (Bray, 2003, para. 2). It is estimated that approximately 300,000 preventable deaths occur annually, which amounts to 1,000 deaths per day, due to dietary and lifestyle factors that lead to obesity (Hill Trowbridge, 1997). Yet America is fatter today than in the time of Hippocrates. Obesity has become so prevalent that it is increasingly impacting us, not only as individuals, but as a nation. It costs us in many ways. It costs us personally by impacting us physically, emotionally, and through the side-effects of carrying excess weight. These costs, and theShow MoreRelatedWeight On Obesity1551 Words   |  7 PagesAll the Weight on Our Shoulders America is in danger; this rising threat is obesity, which is growing as the leading cause of preventable deaths just behind tobacco. Throughout its history, America has seen many different conflicts and threats rise and fall and with each threat. Each generation has risen to the challenge time and time again. Now, it’s the new age generation’s turn to do the same. Obesity is a significant problem and it must be curbed or it will crush us under its weight. As the citizensRead MoreObesity And Weight Loss And Obesity1673 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Obesity and weight loss is an issue that many men and women deal with on a daily basis. According to the Mayo Clinic obesity is defined as a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat (Mayo, 1998-2016). Obesity in men, women, and children increases the risk of diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Early prevention during childhood deceases the chances of the individual being obese during adulthood. Early prevention includesRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Weight Loss1667 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity Epidemic in America There are a lot of different opinions and strong emotions when it comes to the topic of obesity and weight loss. America, home of the free and land of the obese. According to CNBC, nearly two-thirds of American adults are either overweight or obese. Childhood obesity is triple what it was some decades ago. The obesity plague in America costs the nation as much as $147 billion and an indescribable number of lives every year. TogetherRead MoreObesity : The Weight Of The Nation897 Words   |  4 PagesWhose Fault is our Fat? Obesity solely stems from Americans not participating in enough physical activity. On the other hand, Family Stressors and Child Obesity, attributes the stem of childhood obesity to stressors, particularly family stressors. Another possible explanation for obesity, other than Americans not getting enough physical activity or stressors, comes from the movie, watched in lecture, The Weight of the Nation. This movie makes the connection of rates of obesity to living i n poverty areasRead MoreWeight Gain And Obesity1647 Words   |  7 Pagespolycystic ovarian syndrome also contribute to weight gain and obesity, and as well as medications. Obesity affects every body system, especially cardiac disease is increased, as well as HTN, hypertriglyceridemia, and decreased HDL cholesterol. Remarkable weight gain increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, gastric reflux, urinary incontinence, and gallbladder disease (Grossman Porth, 2014). Room 587 also struggles with HTN, sleep apnea, and gastric reflux. HerRead MoreThe Weight Of Americ Obesity1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe Weight of America Americans are dying. Studies have shown that 1 in 5 deaths in the United States of America has been linked with obesity (Mercola, 2013). We need to act now and change something or all the generations after us will suffer the consequences. It was our choice as a country to get this big and now it should be our choice to reverse that decision and alter our future for the better. At the rate we are going, our longevity rates are going to plummet and we will be lucky to live pastRead MoreWeight Loss Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesDisclaimer, Terms Conditions Introduction to Weight Loss Causes of Overweight and Obesity Different Body Parts and Weight Diet Weight Loss Your Weight Loss Daily Diet Plan 12 Best Weight Loss Friendly Foods Best Exercises to Lose weight on Different Body Parts Best Way to Lose Weight in a Week The Magic of Affirmations Conclusion One Last Thing Introduction to Weight Loss Unfortunately, for most people gaining weight is much easier than losing weight. It is not uncommon for a person to start developingRead MoreObesity And The Body Weight Ideals1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthe terms average weight or normal size refer to? Does the term average refer to average weight, width or the fat content in the body? Whether the definition is based on human width, abdominal diameter or weight, etc., the point of reference or datum depends on the observer and may vary from one individual to another. What is referred to as normal may not have definite dimensional measures but just arbitrary. Obesity to most people globally may be based on societal body weight ideals. Whatever beRead MoreNutrition And Weight Status : Obesity1937 Words   |  8 PagesNutrition and weight status is a vitally important issue as obesity is on the rise in the United States. One third of children in this country ages 2-19 are either overweight or obese and this potentially sets them up to develop diabetes and other comorbidities during their lifetime (U.S. Task Force, 2010). It is important to promote health by way of consumption of healthy foods, getting adequate exercise and maintaining a healthy body weight and body image. The Let’s Move initiative, foundedRead MoreObesity And Extra Weight Essay2013 Words   |  9 PagesObesity and extra weight is a huge problem in todays society which is a part of why this experiment is being done. In theory, if a person lowers their calorie intake they should be able to lose weight. There have been many studies done on ways to prevent or reverse obesity but no two studies have been exactly the same. In Waddens, Foster’s, and Letizia’s (1994) study done on the comparison between caloric restrictions and the effects of weight maintenance therapy, they would say that the most effective

Inside the Criminal Justice System Free Essays

Inside the Criminal Justice System There are many facets to the Criminal Justice System. Each facet plays an important role in the evolution of Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justice system starts with local police officers moves all the way up to the prosecution and judges that see the cases. We will write a custom essay sample on Inside the Criminal Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each individual within the Criminal Justice System plays an important role in moving potential offenders through the system in a very effective manner. This process is important, so the system works smoothly. If one part of the system does not understand another’s job, it can cause conflict within the system. Knowing one another’s job exempts some factors of causing hiccups in processing an individual through the Criminal Justice System. According to (Bureau of Labor and Statistics), â€Å"Police officers and detectives protect lives and property. Law enforcement officer’s duties depend on the size and type of their organizations . Police and detectives pursue and apprehend individuals who break the law and then issue citations or give warnings. A large proportion of their time is spent writing reports and maintaining records of incidents they encounter. Most police officers patrol their jurisdictions and investigate any suspicious activity they notice. They also respond to calls from individuals. † (Bureau of Labor and Statistics) Detectives on the other hand perform some duties an officer would, but also a whole lot more. As stated by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, â€Å"Detectives perform investigative duties such as gathering facts and collecting evidence. The daily activities of police and detectives vary with their occupational specialty—such as police officer, or detective—and whether they are working for a local, State, or Federal agency. Duties also differ substantially among various Federal agencies, which enforce different aspects of the law. Regardless of job duties or location, police officers and detectives at all levels must write reports and maintain meticulous records that will be needed if they testify in court. † (Bureau of Labor and Statistics) The police are the first people to interact with the criminal defendant by arresting that person after they have committed a crime. As indicated ( The Offices of the United States Attorneys) â€Å"The U. S. Attorneys are the chief federal law enforcement officers in their districts, responsible for federal criminal prosecutions and civil cases involving the United States Government. The Executive Office for U. S. Attorneys provides support and oversight for the 94 offices across the country. (The Lancaster County, PA Office of the District Attorney ), states that â€Å"The District Attorney’s Office assists police departments in criminal investigations, and prosecutes criminal charges for the Commonwealth against those who are accused of breaking the law. Upon receipt of a reported crime the District Attorney reviews the facts and evidence and decides whether or not to approve the charges and proceed with prosecution. After the District Attorney’s Office approves the charges, the case will go to one of two kinds of courts: District Justice Preliminary Hearing, whereby a District Justice hears â€Å"court cases† and determines if there is prima facie merit to the case. If a prima facie determination is made the case is referred to the Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas. The Lancaster County Court of Common Pleas, whereby a Judge or Jury has final authority to decide misdemeanor and felony cases, and attends to summary appeals. Above the County Courts are the Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, each a successive step in the appellate process. They are courts of appeals, not trial courts as is the County Court Of Common Pleas. Most cases involving crimes committed by people less than 18 years of age go to Juvenile Court. (The Lancaster County, PA Office of the District Attorney ) The criminal defendant usually talks with or hears from the district attorney after charges are filed. They are the second people that interact with the criminal. They also state what they want the charge to be. The role of defense attorney, according to (Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense Counsel)â€Å"Defense lawyers are called upon by our system of justice for a variety of tasks. They explain to their clients what is happening, and make sure that each defendant knows his rights, and is fully aware of what is happening. As defense counsel, the lawyer is charged with protecting those rights, and ensuring that the client receives the protections afforded to every citizen by our laws. The lawyer will take over dealing with the prosecution, call and examine any witnesses in court, and do everything the law allows to keep his client from harm–or, at the least, to minimize the damage. This means challenging the prosecution’s case, its conduct, and on occasion, the very laws that govern the case. We often take these protections for granted, or scoff at them as mere â€Å"technicalities† that do little but allow criminals to escape justice. It is easy, and often tempting, to dismiss defense lawyers (and, for that matter, all lawyers) as professional hacks, whose only function is to confuse juries and confound courts. And sometimes, when defending people who are clearly guilty, it may seem that defense lawyers are a needless extravagance, who only gets in the way of protecting people from the worst elements of society. But just as crimes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, criminals are often indistinguishable from the ordinary citizen, a fact that some of us only come to realize when we find ourselves seated at the defendant’s table, with fingers pointing at us. It is then that we realize just how critical a vigorous and independent defense bar is to a free society–allowing ordinary citizens to challenge the actions of their own government. Viewed in this light, the bedrock of American liberty is our right to use the rules we have all agreed to live by to defend ourselves in a public setting, where the actions of the same government that seeks to condemn us must prove that we have broken the law. † (Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense Counsel) Even though some people may feel that defense lawyers exist only to make everyone else’s life difficult is not the case. They are very important to the criminal justice system. They are really there to help make sure people aren’t taken advantage of. The defense attorneys can also be the second person that they criminal interacts with. If the suspect doesn’t want to answer questioning they can use their right to an attorney and the questioning has to cease until the attorney gets there. The judge is a very important last step in the justice system. According to ( The role of the Judge )â€Å"They interpret the law, assess the evidence presented, and control how hearings and trials unfold in their courtrooms. Most important of all, judges are impartial decision-makers in the pursuit of justice. We have what is known as an adversarial system of justice – legal cases are contests between opposing sides, which ensures that evidence and legal arguments will be fully and forcefully presented. The judge, however, remains above the fray, providing an independent and impartial assessment of the facts and how the law applies to those facts. Many criminal cases – and almost all civil ones – are heard by a judge sitting without a jury. The judge is the â€Å"trier of fact,† deciding whether the evidence is credible and which witnesses are telling the truth. Then the judge applies the law to these facts to determine whether a civil claim has been established on a balance of probabilities or whether there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in criminal cases, that the suspect is guilty. Anyone who faces five years or more in prison if convicted of a crime has the right, under the Charter, to request a jury trial, and many defendants facing serious offences such as murder opt to have a jury hear their case. If the defendant is convicted of a crime, the judge passes sentence, imposing a penalty that can range from a fine to a prison term depending on the severity of the offence. In civil cases the judge decides whether a claim is valid and assesses damages, grants an injunction or orders some other form of redress to the plaintiff, unless a jury has been empanelled to make these decisions. † ( The role of the Judge ) The judge is usually the last part of the criminal justice system that the defendant will see. The judge does the sentencing and then you are sent off to jail, or prison, or your case is dismissed. I believe that the prosecutor’s office should be involved in post arrest because the police don’t have a criminal until after that person is arrested, then the prosecutor’s office can come in after the police prove with evidence that this person could have done the crime, then the prosecutor can come in and charge the person, and it can go into court. It’s good to have the prosecutor in the original stages, to see what kind of action needs to be taken, if the officer has grounds to make an arrest, he may do so without consulting the state. If there are no grounds for the officer to make the arrest on the spot, he then files a report with the prosecutor who determines if there is probable cause. By having a criminal defense attorney right away, you greatly improve the possibility of better results. The longer you wait to get an attorney, the more you stand to risk. If you are under investigation for a crime, your attorney should be present during questioning†¦ It is good to have a defense attorney from the beginning, but it’s not required to have one even before you ever commit a crime. The justice process can begin after an arrest at the first appearance where bail is decided; it can begin with the state presenting an information or indictment and then determine whether or not to issue a warrant for an arrest. References Bureau of labor and statistics. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http://www. ls. gov/oco/ocos160. htm Caminsky, J (n. d. ). Our Criminal Courts: The role of the Defense counsel. Retrieved October 9, 2011. http://EzineArticles. com/487513 The Lancaster County, PA Office of the district attorney. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 7, 2011. http://www. co. lancaster. pa. us/da/cwp/view. asp? A=15Q=464187 The Offices of the United States Attorneys. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http://www. justice. gov/usao The rol e of the Judge. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 4, 2011. http://www. cscja-acjcs. ca/role_of_judge-en. asp. How to cite Inside the Criminal Justice System, Papers

Research and Development Activities Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research and Development Activities. Answer: Introduction Research and development is defined as the activities undertaken by the firms and the industries in order to foster and improve its existing products and services range. This also helps the organisations to introduce newer products in its portfolio as well. Presently the need for investment in the research and development sector has received significant attention from the researchers and the policymakers (Appel et al., 2016). This is because a wide range of empirical studies suggest that investment in research and development helps to achieve economic growth. The theorists who put forward the new growth theory have argued regarding the fact that contributing in the research and development activities would certainly help the organization in long term value creation. In a research report published by OECD pointed out the fact that a one percent increase in the research and development stock would contribute towards increasing the growth of multifactor productivity by 0.13 percent (Bec her et al., 2017). Henceforth, it can also be said that investment in the research and development activities is not only important from the aspect of the overall development of the country but also helps in long term survival and growth of the organizations a well. This paper will focus on determining the key factors that contribute in determining the research and development expenditures of the firms. As pointed out by Choi et al., (2015), organizations specifically the technology intensive industries rely more on the research and development activities in order to obtain competitive advantage and thereby foster in the competitive marketplace. However, it has been observed that firms differ in investing on research and development activities even after controlling the industry, performance ad firm size. Hypothesis development The previous researches available in this context mainly identifies the two main components ownership structure and board size as the key variables for determining the amount investments in the research and development activities. In the light of the previous research works it can be stated that ownership structure in the cornerstone of the corporate governance of an organization (Ntim et al., 2015). In various developed countries like United States and United Kingdom protecting the shareholders is considered as good, firms which are listed publicly are generally identified with a concentrated structure of ownership where it is controlled by a single and large stakeholder group. This type of stakeholders are known as the controlling owner or the controlling shareholder of the company. As the literature suggests there are two different perspective of the relationship between ownership structure and investment in the research and development activities (Meyer and Peng, 2016). In the context of the agency perspective it can be stated that in case of the family firms the conflict between the owners and managers is minimized. The researchers who have conducted research in this regard have observed that owners possess incentive in seizing or expropriating the minor stakeholders (Matzler et al., 2015). The controlling stakeholder in this case not only control determine the strategies of running the firm but also determine the process of the distribution of profit. Hence, in the agency perspective the controlling owner possesses the opportunity to exploit the entire firms profit and thereby control the amount of investment indifferent sectors. The incident of expropriation has also been substantiated by different research works. On the contrary the stewardship context suggests that unlike agency theory the owners and managers are driven by the high order needs such as the need for self-actualization, growth and achievement (Feng et al., 2018). As a result of this they promote collectivistic behavior as well. The family owners reputation and fortune are closely related to the business and hence they have strong emotional investment in the business. Therefore it is quite normal that these approach suggests that the owners are more likely to invest in the research and development activities so as to enhance their business. The second independent variable as selected on the basis of the previous research work is the board size. It has always been argued that board size can effectively determine the amount of resources needed by a firm. If the organization possesses more that one director it would certainly have a pool of information and level of expertise (Park et al., 2017). On an added notion, a larger board is more likely to possess significant linkage with the external resources which in turn increases the firms accessibility to various important resources. In order to develop and implement improved research and development activities firms are required access to skills, expertise and knowledge (berg et al., 2017). Hence a larger board size will help an organization to integrate intellectual knowledge and process valuable information as efficiently as possible and thereby cope with the higher demand of information processing. This also assists the firm in improving the efficient investment decision making process in the context of research and development (Bromiley et al., 2015). On the basis of the aforesaid discussion the developed hypothesis of this paper is as follows, The amount of investment in the research and development sector is affected by the board size and ownership structure. Methodology In order to test the hypothesis dataset has been collected from VISION. The excel file contained data regarding all the 42 publicly listed organizations in the main board of London Stock Exchange. It ranged from 2003 to 2011 and it has been observed that the data is a panel data. This means it is the combination of cross sectional and time series data. However, this specific type of panel data is categorized as the unbalanced panel, this is because it does not contain the data for all the years for all the organizations. In order to analyze this type of unbalanced panel data fixed and random effect model has been used and finally the Hausman test is used to identify which test should be accepted. Moreover, the data is analyzed in STATA. Figure 1: Fixed Effect Model (Source: Generated by STATA) The first test that is the fixed effect test depicts the result that probability of board sixe is less than 5% and hence the null hypothesis is needed to be accepted which means that the board size affects the investment on research and development. On the other hand, the other independent variable has been observed to be insignificant as the probability is observed to be higher that 5%. Figure 2: Random Effect Model (Source: Generated by STATA) In the second test that is the random effect test also the board size seems to be a significant variable as the probability is less than 5% and in this case as well the ownership structure has been observed to insignificant. Figure 3: Hausman Test (Source: Generated by STATA) In order to verify which test should we accept, Hausman test has been performed. In Hausman test the null hypothesis is that Null Hypothesis: The random effect model is true Alternative Hypothesis: The fixed effect model is true As the probability is higher than that of the 95% confidence interval the null hypothesis should be rejected and alternative hypothesis should be accepted. Hence it can be stated that the board size significantly impacts over the investment in research and development while the data suggests that ownership structure is insignificant in this case. Conclusion On a concluding note it can be stated that board size is an effective determinant of the amount investment in the research and development sector of an organisation. The secondary research substantiates the fact with a few empirical findings which suggests that if a firm possesses more than one director it is quite evident that it would possess access to more expertise, skills and connections to the external world. This in turn increases the efficiency of the decision making process of investing in the research and development segment. On the other hand, the ownership structure is found to be an insignificant variable in this particular case though other empirical findings have depicted different results. References berg, C., Bankewitz, M., Knockaert, M. and Huse, M., 2017, January. The Service Tasks of Board of Directors: A Critical Literature Review and Research Agenda. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 15508). Academy of Management. Appel, I.R., Gormley, T.A. and Keim, D.B., 2016. Passive investors, not passive owners.Journal of Financial Economics,121(1), pp.111-141. Becher, D.A., Walkling, R.A. and Wilson, J.I., 2017. Board Changes and the Director Labor Market: The Case of Mergers. Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A. and Rustambekov, E., 2015. Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions.Long range planning,48(4), pp.265-276. Choi, Y.R., Zahra, S.A., Yoshikawa, T. and Han, B.H., 2015. Family ownership and RD investment: The role of growth opportunities and business group membership.Journal of Business Research,68(5), pp.1053-1061. Feng, Y., Chen, H.H. and Tang, J., 2018. The Impacts of Social Responsibility and Ownership Structure on Sustainable Financial Development of Chinas Energy Industry.Sustainability,10(2), p.301. Matzler, K., Veider, V., Hautz, J. and Stadler, C., 2015. The impact of family ownership, management, and governance on innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(3), pp.319-333. Meyer, K.E. and Peng, M.W., 2016. Theoretical foundations of emerging economy business research.Journal of International Business Studies,47(1), pp.3-22. Ntim, C.G., Opong, K.K. and Danbolt, J., 2015. Board size, corporate regulations and firm valuation in an emerging market: A simultaneous equation approach.International Review of Applied Economics,29(2), pp.194-220. Park, H.Y., Chae, S.J. and Cho, M.K., 2017. Controlling shareholders ownership structure, foreign investors monitoring, and investment efficiency.